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Urinary tract infection, case study by group 1, november 13, 2023, 1:30-4:00 pm, a. introduction, utis are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the, urethra, and infect the urinary tract. the infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract., causative organisms:, •bacterial •fungal, •viral •protozoal, urethritis is an infection of anterior urethral tract dysuria, urgency and frequency of micturition., cystitis is an infection of urinary bladder dysuria, frequency, pyuri and haematuria., kidney infection (pyelonephritis)- is another type of uti. they're less common, but more, serious than bladder infections., pyuria- presence of pus in urine (more than 10 cells/hpf)., causes of urinary tract infection, infection of the bladder and kidneys may occur because of poor hygiene in the area of the, urethra, especially in women due that the female urethra is shorter and closer to the rectum, permitting bacteria to enter in the bladder more easily. congenital defects in the urinary tract or, by the insertion of instruments used to diagnose a urinary problem may also be a cause of it., sometimes bacteria in the bloodstream can settle in and infect the kidneys. patients with diabetes, seem to be more prone to urinary infections than other people. obstruction to the flow of urine in, the urinary tract, such as kidney stone, increases the possibility of infection in the area behind the, obstruction. also damage to the nerves controlling the bladder is an other condition that, increases the chances of infection in that area, patient information, 1. physical examination:, vital signs:, temperature:36 c, respiratory rate(/min):, pulse rate: 87, blood pressure (mm of hg):120/, 2. systems examination:, cvs: s1, s2+, gu & gi(abdomen): soft, 3. laboratory data:, 1. hb 14 (12-15g/dl), 2 12,100 (4,000-11,000 cells/cu), n 75 40-70%, l 35 20-40%, b 0 <1%, 4. rbs 115 80-120mg/di, factors that increase the risk of getting uti.

A previous UTI

Sexual Activity

•Changes in the bacteria that lives inside the vagina, or vaginal flora

•age (older adults and young children are more likely to get utis, •structural problems in the urinary tract, such as enlarged prostate., •poor hygiene, •holding your pee and not going to the bathroom when you must or not emptying your bladder, completely., •kidney stones can obstruct your urinary tract and block the normal flow of urine., •diabetes can cause higher sugar levels in the blood and urine. higher sugar levels can promote, the growth of bacteria., risk factors for women.

BEING SEXUALLY ACTIVE. The bacteria that cause UTIs live in the area around your anus.

Having sex can move the bacteria toward the front where it can more easily enter your urethra

And travel to your bladder., •using spermicides or a diaphragm. these forms of birth control can make it easier, for harmful bacteria to enter the urinary tract. spermicides may kill off good bacteria in and, around the vagina making it easier for harmful bacteria to thrive..

PREGNANCY. Pregnancy leads to changes in the urinary tract, which can make it harder to

fully empty your bladder. Hormones may also change the chemical makeup of your urine in

Ways that could encourage bad bacterial growth., •menopause. the increase vaginal dryness that often result from a drop in estrogen level, when transitioning to menopause can increase your odds to getting uti., •wearing tiny lingerie. there's not much space between opening to your urethra,, vagina, and rectum. wearing a thong, a teddy, string-bikini underwear can trap bacteria in, vaginal area., •wiping the wrong way. wiping from back to front can introduce bacteria into the urinary, tract after using the toilet. wipe from front to back instead., risk factors for men, complicated urinary tract infections (utis) occur in the setting of pre-existing metabolic,, functional, or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. they may involve both lower and, upper tracts. complicated utis may significantly increase the rate of therapy failures and cause, damage that leads to recurrence., the pathophysiology of complicated utis, has the following four aspects:, structural abnormalities, -such as calculi, infected cysts, renal/bladder abscesses, certain forms of pyelonephritis, spinal, cord injury (sci), and catheters, metabolic/hormonal, -such as diabetes and pregnancy, abnormalities, impaired host, such as transplant recipients (especially renal transplants) and patients with aids, unusual pathogens, -such as yeast, a growing number of complicated utis are healthcare associated in origin. proteus mirabilis, (pm) is most commonly isolated; it may produce a biofilm that promotes adhesion to the outer, and inner surfaces of a urethral catheter. other adhesive factors include its pili and fimbriae, production of urease and hemolysins are additional pathogenic properties., pyelonephritis is almost always the result of bacterial migration from the bladder to the renal, parenchyma that is enhanced by vesicourethral reflux. in uncomplicated pyelonephritis, the, bacterial invasion and renal damage are limited to the pyelocalyceal-medullary region. in, complicated infection, the entire kidney may be affected. if the infection progresses, bacteria, may invade the bloodstream, resulting in bacteremia., e. pathophysiology, g. drug literature, drug name mechanism of, indication/, contraindication, dosages and, administratio, norfloxacin, fluoroquinolone, antibiotics, pharmacologic:, bactericidal, the bactericidal, norfloxacin results, from inhibition of, the enzymes, topoisomerase ii, (dna gyrase) and, topoisomerase iv,, which are required, for bacterial dna, replication,, transcription, repair,, and recombination., norfloxacin is a, broad-spectrum, antibiotic agent that, is shown to be, effective against, various gram-, positive and gram-, negative bacterial, species. the fluorine, atom at the 6, position increases, potency against, gram-negative, organisms, and the, piperazine moiety at, the 7 position is, responsible for anti-, pseudomonal, indication:, quinolone antibiotic used, to treat bacterial, infections, particularly, urinary tract and sex, organ infections., it kills or stops bacteria, growth, but not viral, hypersensitivity, breastfeeding, prolonged qt interval, hypokalemia, increased or, decreased levels, blood cells, muscle damage,, usually in the, reactions, such, as rash, itching,, or swelling, fluoroquinolone, antibiotic used to, treat urinary tract, infections. the usual, adult dose for, uncomplicated, urinary tract, infections is 400 mg, orally every 12 hours, for 3 days. for other, infections, the dose, may vary from 400, mg orally every 12, hours for 7 to 10, days to 400 mg, for 10 to 21 days., the drug should be, taken at least 1 hour, before or 2 hours, after a meal, milk, or, other dairy products., diagnostic test, common tests, otc dipstick – to detect substances that are typically found in the urine., urinalysis – to test the urine and detect the range of disorders. also to check the appearance, concentration and content of urine., urine culture – check for the bacteria or others germs in the urine sample., -tab. norflaxacin 500mg p/o bid is used as an antibiotic. which may reduce microbial action., -inj. ranatidine 25mg iv bid is used as an anti-ulcerative drug. reduce stomch irritation, do not, take more than two weeks., -inj paracetamol 150mg iv bid is an opioid analgesic given to reduce the pain. use twice daily., -inj. tramadol 50mg iv bid is an opiod analgesic given to reduce the pain. use twice daily., -tab. b-complex 63mg p/o od used as a vitamin supplement. use one tablet in morning and, on day-2 & on day-3:, continue some medicine, on fourth day patient was continued with the same medication because of no fresh complaints., as the patient was symptomatically better, he was discharged with the following medications, and asked to review after 1 week., 1. t. norfloxacin 500mg bid, 2. tranitidine 150mg bid, 3. t. paracetamol 500mg tid, 4. t. tramadol 100mg bid, 5. t. b-complex 63mg od, diseasecdc/antibiotic-use/uti.html#:~:text=what%20is%20a%20urinary, %20tract,a%20bladder%20infection%20(cystitis), causes : (wagman, 1987, j ferguson company/chicago; the new complete medical and, health encyclopedia, vol, p), risk:cdc/antibiotic-use/uti.html,, everydayhealth/urinary-tract-infection/causes-and-risk-factors-of-utis/, pathophysiologyemedicine.medscape/article/2039975-overview#:~:text=the, %20pathophysiology%20of%20complicated%20utis,such%20as%20diabetes%20and, %20pregnancy, nursing care plan :, drug literature :, diagnostictestmountsinai,mayoclinic,, treatment :.

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Course : Bachelors of science in nursing (BSN13)

University : university of iloilo - phinma.

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