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What Is a Cover Letter?

Understanding cover letters, types of cover letters, how to write a cover letter, tips for writing a cover letter.

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What Is a Cover Letter? Types and How To Write One

A cover letter is a written document commonly submitted with a job application outlining the applicant's credentials and interest in the open position. Since a cover letter is often one of only two documents sent to a potential employer, a well- or poorly-written letter can impact whether the applicant is called for an interview .

Key Takeaways

• A cover letter is commonly submitted with a job application explaining the applicant's credentials and interest in the position.
• A good cover letter complements the resume and explains why the candidate is the ideal person for the job.
• Common cover letter mistakes can sink a job applicant.

Investopedia / Joules Garcia

Most job postings are done online and no longer require a physical application. Instead, applicants send companies a copy of their resume along with a cover letter either by email or with a hard copy through the mail. A resume offers a glimpse into the professional and academic experience of a potential employee. The cover letter, on the other hand, acts as an introduction written by the candidate to express their interest in the position and what makes them the best fit for the job.

A good cover letter complements a resume by expanding on items relevant to the job. In essence, it's a sales pitch that describes why the applicant is the best person for the position. Career experts advise job seekers to spend time customizing each cover letter for the particular position, rather than using a generic missive. Although this requires extra effort, it can be very helpful in allowing an applicant to stand out above the competition.

The cover letter provides information to the employer about who the candidate is as a professional and as a person. This includes their areas of interest, professional goals, knowledge, skills they've gained over the years, achievements, passions, and aspirations. The cover letter should be a one-page document that provides a clear and concise idea about why the candidate is the best person for the job . It should also highlight the cultural fit.

While there is no set template for a cover letter, the type of letter that you write will depend on the requirements of each individual company or employer. The information that is included in a cover letter will vary depending on the goals and purpose of your application.

• An application cover letter is the most familiar type of cover letter. This is generally written in response to a vacancy that is posted on a company's website or a job board. In addition to answering any specific questions posted in the job ad, it may also highlight any experience or skills that are suitable for the position.
• A referral cover letter is similar to an application letter, but it includes the name of a colleague or employee who recommended the applicant for the open position. A strong referral can help you stand out against other applicants.
• A prospecting cover letter , also known as a letter of interest, is written by a job seeker and addressed to a company where they would like to work. However, it is not aimed at a specific role or vacancy. Instead, this type of letter inquires about open positions in general and may highlight any special skills that make the writer suitable for the company.

When employers post a job ad that requires a cover letter, they may specify certain requirements for the cover letter to address. For example, they may require applicants to answer certain questions, or to respect a certain word limit. It is important to follow these requirements, as they reflect on the applicant's ability to understand and follow directions.

If the employer does not set any expectations, a typical cover letter should be about a page or less, and may include a formal greeting, contact information, and links to the applicant's portfolio or work. It should highlight any special skills, and explain why you would be a good fit for the position. This is your chance to impress the employer: Even if your resume does not have everything an employer wants, a well-written cover letter can make the applicant stand out from the crowd.

However, it is possible to include too much information. Most employers will simply glance at the majority of their cover letters, and a long-winded essay might end up at the bottom of the pile. A few short paragraphs explaining your skills, and why you chose that specific employer, should be enough to put your best foot forward.

Writing a cover letter doesn't have to be tedious—even though it may seem like it's a chore. Here are a few simple tips you may want to consider when composing your cover letter:

• Personalize your letter for each role. Never use a generic cover letter. This means you have to write a new one for each position. Be sure to include your strengths and skills, and explain why you’re the perfect candidate.
• Include contact information. If the posting doesn't include the hiring manager's name, call the company , or check its website. Including this person's name gives your letter a proper greeting and also shows you have initiative. And don't forget to add your contact information, too. This is important if your resume gets separated from your cover letter.
• Simplify your letter. Communicate clearly and concisely. Using complex words and sentences would most certainly fail to convey your intentions with the company and the person reading the letter probably won't bother with the rest of your application.
• Be specific when needed. Don't rehash your resume, so be sure to quantify your accomplishments. For instance, expand on your marketing experience in your cover letter by saying you brought in 200 additional clients each month and increased revenue to $10,000. This can set you apart from candidates with vague personal details.
• Proofread. After you’ve written the letter, go over it a few times to ensure there are no errors. Then ask someone else to do a once-over and recommend any changes you may need to make.

A simple, focused cover letter without any typos or grammatical errors will get you noticed by potential employers.

A perfect resume can often be sabotaged by a poorly thought-out cover letter or one that is laden with mistakes. Whether you include the letter as per required submission guidelines, or you simply want to emphasize your interest in the job, make sure you avoid making these blunders.

• Names matter. This includes the name of the hiring manager, the company, and yes, even yours. Make sure you have the right names and the correct spelling. And don't forget to change the names if you're using the same cover letter for multiple jobs.
• Restating your resume. Since the cover letter is used to identify your skills and explain how your previous experience is applicable to the desired position, don't restate the stuff on your resume. Remember, the cover letter should complement your resume, not just summarize it.
• Keep your letter tight. Recruiters often go through hundreds of applications and don't have time to read through a three-page missive. The absolute maximum length for a cover letter should be one page, with a few concise paragraphs.
• Omit unnecessary details. Stay on topic. There's no need to mention your graphic-design skills if you're applying for an accounting position. It's a good idea to leave out personal things like your IQ, recreational accomplishments, interests, and hobbies. That is unless they relate to the job or company.
• Avoid sounding arrogant. Ensure your cover letter does not make you appear arrogant . While the cover letter is about you and your accomplishments, find a way of saying "I'm the best" without actually saying it. Avoid overusing words like "I," "me," or "my."
• Remember that spelling counts. Typos and grammatical errors can show you didn't bother to proofread your own letter. And make sure to be consistent—don't convey a dash with "--" in one place and "—" in another.
• Design matters : with the proliferation of publishing, design trends, and software, candidates have become creative in making their cover letter stand out from a design perspective. Make sure your cover letter projects your personality in terms of design while remaining professional. That is personal signature and branding.

How Long Should a Cover Letter Be?

According to Indeed , a leading job-seeking site, a typical cover letter should be about three or four paragraphs long and highlight any special experience or achievements that make the applicant exceptionally well-suited to the position.

How Do You Start a Cover Letter?

A cover letter should start with a formal greeting, preferably addressed to the hiring manager. If you do not know who will be reading your cover letter, a generic "to whom it may concern" is an acceptable, albeit old-fashioned, way to address a cover letter. It is also acceptable to address the letter to a title, such as "Dear Hiring Manager," or "Dear Talent Acquisition Team."

What Should a Cover Letter Contain?

An effective cover letter should highlight the applicant's skills, experience, and any achievements that make them a good fit for their prospective employer. It is also a good chance to mention anything that is not included in the resume: For example, if an applicant is drawn to a certain employer because they love a certain product, the cover letter is a great place to mention it. Make sure your cover letter also includes your name and contact information.

In a competitive jobs market, an effective cover letter is one way to make a job application stand out. This is a chance for an applicant to demonstrate why they think they would be a good fit. However, a poorly-written or meandering cover letter can hurt an application more than it helps.

Harvard Extension School. " Resources and Cover Letters: An Extension School Resource ," Pages 3 and 5.

Harvard Extension School. " Resources and Cover Letters: An Extension School Resource ," Page 5.

Jobscan. " Cover Letter Formats ."

Indeed. " What Is a Cover Letter? "

Indeed. " How to Address a Cover Letter (With Examples). "

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What is a cover letter? (With an example)

• December 9, 2024

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A cover letter is one of the most critical components of a job application. It’s your chance to make a memorable first impression and showcase why you’re the ideal candidate for a role. Unlike a CV, which lists your qualifications and experience, a cover letter allows you to speak directly to the hiring manager, demonstrating your enthusiasm and alignment with the position. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about crafting the perfect cover letter to stand out in the job market.

What is the purpose of a cover letter?

A cover letter serves as a personal introduction to recruiters. It goes beyond the facts on your CV, allowing you to explain your motivations, skills, and how you align with the company’s goals. Think of it as your opportunity to:

• Highlight your most relevant achievements.
• Demonstrate how your experience matches the job description.
• Show your enthusiasm and understanding of the company’s mission.

Employers view cover letters as a window into a candidate’s communication skills and enthusiasm for the role. A compelling, well-crafted cover letter can be the key to securing an interview and standing out from the competition.

How to write a cover letter (A step-by-step guide)

Writing a cover letter may seem daunting, but breaking it into smaller steps can simplify the process. Here’s a guide to crafting each section of your cover letter:

Greeting and opening paragraph

Start by addressing the hiring manager by name, if possible. Personalisation shows effort and can leave a lasting impression. If the name isn’t provided, use a professional salutation like “Dear Hiring Manager.”

In the opening paragraph, introduce yourself and mention the position you’re applying for. Use this space to grab attention with a strong statement about your enthusiasm for the role or a notable achievement.

Body paragraphs

The body of your cover letter is your opportunity to showcase your strengths and convince the employer you’re the right fit. Here’s what to include:

• Highlight your skills and experience : Focus on the qualifications that make you a strong candidate for the role. Learn how to present your expertise effectively by identifying the most in-demand skills for today’s job market. For tips on showcasing your expertise effectively, explore our top 10 CV skills for 2024 job seekers .
• Tailor to the job description : Demonstrate how your background aligns with the company’s specific needs by referencing relevant accomplishments from your career.
• Show why you’re a fit for the company : Express your enthusiasm for the company’s mission or culture. If you’re transitioning to a new industry, consider strategies for leveraging your transferable skills to bridge the gap.

These elements will make your cover letter personal, impactful, and aligned with the role you’re pursuing.

Closing paragraph and sign-off

End your cover letter with a call to action. Express your interest in discussing the role further and thank the hiring manager for their time. Use a professional closing like “Yours sincerely” or “Best regards” followed by your name.

If you’re looking to build confidence for the next steps in the hiring process, consider exploring strategies such as the STAR technique to excel in competency-based interviews and stand out to potential employers.

For additional tips on preparing for interviews, check out our guide on how to ace competency-based interviews .

Common mistakes to avoid in your cover letter

A well-crafted cover letter can set you apart, but even small missteps can hurt your chances. Here are some common mistakes to avoid to ensure your letter makes the right impression:

1. Using generic content

Avoid sending a one-size-fits-all cover letter. Take the time to tailor your letter to each job application. Reference the job description and align your skills and experiences with the specific needs of the role.

2. Overlooking spelling and grammar

Errors in spelling or grammar can come across as unprofessional and careless. Always proofread your cover letter thoroughly or use tools like spell check to ensure it’s polished.

3. Repeating your CV verbatim

Your cover letter should complement, not duplicate, your CV. Instead of listing your qualifications again, use the letter to expand on key achievements and demonstrate how they align with the role.

4. Focusing solely on yourself

While it’s important to showcase your skills and enthusiasm, don’t make the letter all about you. Instead, focus on how your contributions can benefit the company and help achieve its goals.

By avoiding these common pitfalls, you can craft a cover letter that resonates with hiring managers and increases your chances of landing an interview.

Cover letter example:

Use this template as a starting point for your own cover letter:

[Your Name] [Your Address] [City, Postcode] [Email Address] | [Phone Number]

[Hiring Manager’s Name] [Company Name] [Company Address] [City, Postcode]

Dear [Hiring Manager’s Name],

I am writing to express my interest in the [Job Title] position at [Company Name]. [Introduce yourself and state why you’re excited about the role and company.]

[In the second paragraph, explain your relevant skills, experiences, and achievements. Use specific examples that align with the job description.]

[In the final paragraph, express your enthusiasm for the role and thank the hiring manager for considering your application. Include a call to action, such as a request for an interview.]

Yours sincerely, [Your Name]

Frequently asked questions: Cover letters

How long should a cover letter be.

A cover letter should be no longer than one page. Aim for around 250-400 words, ensuring it’s concise but impactful.

Is a cover letter the same as a CV?

No. A CV lists your qualifications and work history, while a cover letter explains why you’re the right fit for a specific role.

How to write a cover letter in Ireland?

When writing a cover letter for the Irish job market, focus on clear communication, professional tone, and personalisation. Research the company’s values and culture to make your letter stand out.

Craft your perfect cover letter today with Recruit Ireland

Now that you know what makes a great cover letter, it’s time to put your skills into action. Use the tips and examples in this guide to craft a compelling letter that showcases your unique qualities.

Explore more job opportunities and career advice on Recruit Ireland’s Advice Centre or visit Recruit Ireland’s Jobs Page to take the next step in your professional journey.

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