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Research Problem – Examples, Types and Guide

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A research problem is the starting point of any study, as it defines the issue or challenge that the research intends to address. Clearly articulating a research problem is essential because it shapes the direction of the study, influencing research design, methodology, and analysis. This guide explores what a research problem is, the types of research problems, and how to develop one with clear examples to aid in understanding.

Research Problem

A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, or gap in knowledge that prompts the need for investigation. It reflects the purpose of the research and the questions that the study aims to answer. Without a clear research problem, it is difficult to determine the scope, goals, and relevance of the research.

For example, in social sciences, a research problem might involve understanding factors that influence student motivation. In business, it could involve identifying reasons behind declining customer satisfaction.

Why is a Research Problem Important?

The research problem is the foundation of the research process because it:

• Defines the Study’s Purpose : It helps clarify what the research is trying to achieve.
• Guides the Research Design : It determines which methodologies and data collection techniques are suitable.
• Provides Focus and Direction : It prevents the study from being overly broad or unfocused.
• Establishes Relevance : A well-defined problem highlights the research’s significance and its contribution to knowledge.

Types of Research Problems

• Example : What are the psychological factors influencing digital addiction among young adults?
• Example : How can customer service training improve client retention in the hospitality industry?
• Example : How do rural and urban educational outcomes compare in terms of student performance?
• Example : What are the emerging behaviors associated with the use of augmented reality in retail shopping?
• Example : What are the common characteristics of high-performing teams in technology companies?
• Example : What effect does daily exercise have on reducing stress levels among college students?

Steps to Formulate a Research Problem

• Identify a Broad Topic Area Start by choosing a general area of interest. This could be anything from mental health and marketing to technology or education. Focusing on a topic you’re passionate about can make the research process more engaging.
• Conduct Preliminary Research Conducting initial research helps you understand existing knowledge and identify gaps. Look at recent studies, articles, or reports in your field to find areas that need further exploration.
• Narrow Down the Topic A broad topic needs to be narrowed to a specific issue. Consider the aspects of the topic that interest you most or that have limited research available. Narrowing the focus prevents the study from being too general and enhances its depth.
• Identify the Problem Clearly define the problem or gap that the research aims to address. Frame it as a statement that indicates the issue, its context, and its importance.
• Formulate Research Questions Develop research questions that provide a basis for investigating the problem. Good research questions are specific, clear, and feasible, guiding the research process and helping focus data collection.
• Assess Feasibility Evaluate if the research problem is manageable given available resources, time, and access to data. Feasibility ensures that the study is achievable and practical within constraints.

Examples of Research Problems

Example 1 : In Education

• Problem : Declining student engagement in online learning environments.
• Research Question : What factors contribute to decreased engagement in online courses compared to in-person learning?

Example 2 : In Business

• Problem : High employee turnover in customer service departments.
• Research Question : How does job satisfaction impact turnover rates among customer service employees?

Example 3 : In Healthcare

• Problem : Rising obesity rates among children in urban areas.
• Research Question : What are the primary lifestyle factors contributing to obesity among urban children?

Example 4 : In Psychology

• Problem : Increased rates of social media addiction among teenagers.
• Research Question : What psychological factors lead to social media addiction in teenagers?

Example 5 : In Environmental Studies

• Problem : Rapid decline in pollinator populations affecting crop yields.
• Research Question : What impact does pesticide usage have on pollinator populations in agricultural areas?

Tips for Defining a Strong Research Problem

• Make It Specific : Clearly state the issue you intend to investigate. Avoid overly broad topics that are difficult to address.
• Identify Relevance : Choose a problem that has practical, theoretical, or social importance, demonstrating why the study matters.
• Align with Research Goals : Ensure that the problem aligns with the overall objectives of your research or field of study.
• Keep It Manageable : Be realistic about what you can accomplish within your time frame, resources, and skills.
• Consider Originality : Aim to address a gap in the current literature, focusing on issues that have not been explored in depth.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Overly Broad Problems : A vague or broad problem can make it difficult to formulate research questions or collect relevant data.
• Irrelevant or Trivial Problems : Choose a problem that has value and contributes meaningfully to your field of study.
• Unfeasible Problems : Ensure that your research problem is practical and can be addressed with available resources.
• Confusing the Problem with the Method : Define the issue clearly instead of describing the method. For example, “Using interviews to study…” is a method, not a problem.

A well-defined research problem is crucial to successful research. By selecting a relevant, specific, and feasible problem, researchers set a strong foundation for their study. Whether you are studying education, business, psychology, or any other field, understanding the types and examples of research problems can help you structure a clear and focused investigation. Defining the problem carefully and creating focused research questions ultimately guides the research process, making your work impactful and meaningful.

• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach . Sage Publications.
• Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners . Sage Publications.
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students . Pearson Education.
• Punch, K. F. (2014). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches . Sage Publications.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Different types of research problems and their examples

The identification of the research problem is the first step in the research process. It is similar to the identification of the destination before a journey. It works as the foundation for the whole research process . In the field of social sciences, a research problem is presented in the form of a question. It helps in narrowing down the issue to something reasonable for conducting a study. Defining a research problem serves three main purposes (Pardede, 2018):

• It presents the importance of the research topic.
• It helps the researcher place the problem in a specific context to properly define the parameters of the investigation.
• It provides a framework that can help in presenting the results in the future.

In absolute terms, a research problem can be defined as a statement regarding the area of concern, a condition that needs to be improved, an unresolved question that exists in the literature, a difficulty that needs to be eliminated or any point that needs some meaningful investigation (Gallupe, 2007).

To ideally conclude the research, find logical answers to your research problems.

Descriptive research problems

Descriptive research problems focus on questions like ‘what is ?’, with its main aim to describe the situation, state or the existence of certain specific phenomena. They seek to depict what already exists in a group or population. For such studies, surveys and opinion polls are best suitable because they require systematic observation of social issues.

What are the main factors affecting consumers’ purchase decisions?

These problems use two different ways to collect data- cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot of data at a certain moment in time. On the other hand, longitudinal studies involve a fixed and stable sample that is measured repeatedly over time. However, in both cases, methods that can be used to collect data include mail, online or offline surveys, and interviews. When a researcher is dealing with a descriptive research problem, there can be no manipulation in the variables and hypotheses as they are usually nondirectional (Hashimi, 2015).

Causal research problems

Causal research problems focus on identifying the extent and nature of cause-and-effect relationships. Such research problems help in assessing the impact of some changes on existing norms and processes. They thus identify patterns of relationships between different elements.

How does online education affect students’ learning abilities?

In such cases, experiments are the most popular way of collecting primary data. Here, the hypothesis is usually directional, i.e. explaining how one factor affects the behaviour of another one. Such studies give the researcher the freedom to manipulate the variables as desired. Data for causal research can be collected in two ways:

• laboratory experiments and,
• field experiments.

Laboratory experiments are generally conducted in an artificial environment which allows the researcher to carefully manipulate the variables. On the other hand, field experiments are much more realistic. It is sometimes not possible to control the variables. This makes it difficult for the researcher to predict with confidence what produced a given outcome (Muhammad and Kabir, 2018).

Relational research problem

This research problem states that some sort of relationship between two variables needs to be investigated. The aim is to investigate the qualities or characteristics that are connected in some way.

How is the teaching experience of a teacher with respect to their teaching style?

Thus, this sort of research problem requires more than one variable that describes the relationship between them (Hartanska, 2014).

Summarizing the differences

How to choose the right research problem type.

While choosing the research problem type one must keep in mind the following points.

• The first step in direction of selecting the right problem type is to identify the concepts and terms that make up the topic. This involves identifying the variables of the study. For example, if there is only one variable then it is a descriptive research problem. If it contains two variables, then it is likely relational or causal research.
• The second step is to review the literature to refine the approach of examining the topic and finding the appropriate ways to analyze it. For example, how much research has already been conducted on this topic? What methods and data did the previous researchers use? What was lacking in their research? What variables were used by them? The answers to these questions will help in framing the best approach to your research.
• The third step is to look for sources that can help broaden, modify and strengthen your initial thoughts. A deeper look into the research will answer critical questions like, is a relational approach better than an investigative one? How will eliminating a few variables affect the outcome of the research?
• Gallupe, R. B. (2007) ‘Research contributions: The tyranny of methodologies in information systems research, ACM SIGMIS Database , 38(3), pp. 46–57.
• Hartanska, J. (2014) ‘THE RESEARCH PROBLEM’, pp. 1–48.
• Hashimi, H. (2015) ‘Types of research questions’, Nursing , 4(3), pp. 23–25.
• Muhammad, S. and Kabir, S. (2018) ‘Problem formulation and objective determination’, (June).
• Pardede, P. (2018) ‘Identifying and Formulating the Research Problem’, Research in ELT , 1(October), pp. 1–13.
• Priya Chetty
• Ashni walia

I am a management graduate with specialisation in Marketing and Finance. I have over 12 years' experience in research and analysis. This includes fundamental and applied research in the domains of management and social sciences. I am well versed with academic research principles. Over the years i have developed a mastery in different types of data analysis on different applications like SPSS, Amos, and NVIVO. My expertise lies in inferring the findings and creating actionable strategies based on them. 

Over the past decade I have also built a profile as a researcher on Project Guru's Knowledge Tank division. I have penned over 200 articles that have earned me 400+ citations so far. My Google Scholar profile can be accessed here . 

I now consult university faculty through Faculty Development Programs (FDPs) on the latest developments in the field of research. I also guide individual researchers on how they can commercialise their inventions or research findings. Other developments im actively involved in at Project Guru include strengthening the "Publish" division as a bridge between industry and academia by bringing together experienced research persons, learners, and practitioners to collaboratively work on a common goal. 

I am a master's in Economics from Amity university. Besides my keen interest in Economics i have been an active member of the team Enactus. Apart from the academics i love reading fictions. 

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Research Problem

Ai generator.

A research problem is a specific issue or gap in knowledge that a researcher aims to address through systematic investigation. It forms the foundation of a study, guiding the research question, research design , and potential outcomes. Identifying a clear research problem is crucial as it often emerges from existing literature, theoretical frameworks, and practical considerations. In a student case study , the research question and hypothesis stem from the identified research problem.

What is a Research Problem?

A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that a researcher aims to address through systematic investigation. It forms the basis of a study, guiding the research question, research design, and the formulation of a hypothesis.

Examples of Research Problem

• Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health : Investigating how social media usage affects the mental health and well-being of teenagers.
• Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity : Examining the effects of climate change on crop yields and farming practices.
• Online Learning and Student Engagement : Assessing the effectiveness of online learning platforms in maintaining student engagement and academic performance.
• Healthcare Access in Rural Areas : Exploring the barriers to healthcare access in rural communities and potential solutions.
• Workplace Diversity and Employee Performance : Analyzing how workplace diversity influences team dynamics and employee productivity.
• Renewable Energy Adoption : Studying the factors that influence the adoption of renewable energy sources in urban versus rural areas.
• AI in Healthcare Diagnostics : Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of artificial intelligence in medical diagnostics.
• Gender Disparities in STEM Education : Investigating the causes and consequences of gender disparities in STEM education and careers.
• Urbanization and Housing Affordability : Exploring the impact of rapid urbanization on housing affordability and availability in major cities.
• Public Transportation Efficiency : Assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of public transportation systems in reducing urban traffic congestion.

Research Problem Examples for Students

• The Impact of Homework on Academic Achievement in High School Students
• The Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance in College Students
• The Effects of Extracurricular Activities on Social Skills Development
• Influence of Parental Involvement on Students’ Attitudes Toward Learning
• The Role of Technology in Enhancing Classroom Learning
• Factors Contributing to Student Anxiety During Exams
• The Effectiveness of Peer Tutoring in Improving Reading Skills
• Challenges Faced by International Students in Adapting to New Educational Systems
• Impact of Nutrition on Concentration and Academic Performance
• The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Access to Higher Education Opportunities

Research Problems Examples in Education

• Effect of Class Size on Student Learning Outcomes
• Impact of Technology Integration in Classroom Instruction
• Influence of Teacher Professional Development on Student Achievement
• Challenges in Implementing Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities
• Effectiveness of Bilingual Education Programs on Language Proficiency
• Role of Parental Involvement in Enhancing Academic Performance
• Impact of School Leadership on Teacher Retention and Job Satisfaction
• Assessment of Remote Learning Efficacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Barriers to STEM Education Participation Among Female Students
• Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Access to Quality Education

Research Problems Examples in Business

• Impact of Employee Engagement on Productivity and Retention
• Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing Strategies on Consumer Behavior
• Challenges in Implementing Sustainable Business Practices
• Influence of Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance
• Role of Corporate Culture in Driving Innovation
• Impact of Remote Work on Team Collaboration and Communication
• Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruptions
• Effect of Customer Feedback on Product Development
• Challenges in Expanding into International Markets
• Influence of Brand Loyalty on Customer Retention

Basic Research Problem Examples

• Effect of Sleep on Cognitive Function
• Impact of Exercise on Mental Health
• Influence of Diet on Academic Performance
• Role of Social Support in Stress Management
• Impact of Screen Time on Children’s Behavior
• Effects of Pollution on Public Health
• Influence of Music on Mood and Productivity
• Role of Genetics in Disease Susceptibility
• Impact of Advertising on Consumer Choices
• Effects of Climate Change on Local Wildlife

Research Problem in Research Methodology

A research problem in research methodology refers to an issue or gap in the process of conducting research that requires a solution. Examples include:

• Validity and Reliability of Measurement Tools : Ensuring that instruments used for data collection consistently produce accurate results.
• Selection of Appropriate Sampling Techniques : Determining the best sampling method to ensure the sample represents the population accurately.
• Bias in Data Collection and Analysis : Identifying and minimizing biases that can affect the validity of research findings.
• Ethical Considerations in Research : Addressing ethical issues related to participant consent, confidentiality, and data protection.
• Generalizability of Research Findings : Ensuring that research results are applicable to broader populations beyond the study sample.
• Mixed Methods Research Design : Effectively integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches in a single study.
• Data Interpretation and Reporting : Developing accurate and unbiased interpretations and reports of research findings.
• Longitudinal Study Challenges : Managing the complexities of conducting studies over extended periods.
• Control of Extraneous Variables : Identifying and controlling variables that can affect the dependent variable outside the study’s primary focus.
• Developing Theoretical Frameworks : Constructing robust frameworks that guide the research process and support hypothesis development.

Characteristics of a Research Problem

• Clarity : The research problem should be clearly defined, unambiguous, and understandable to all stakeholders.
• Specificity : It should be specific and narrow enough to be addressed comprehensively within the scope of the research.
• Relevance : The problem should be significant and relevant to the field of study, contributing to the advancement of knowledge or practice.
• Feasibility : It should be practical and manageable, considering the resources, time, and capabilities available to the researcher.
• Novelty : The research problem should address an original question or gap in the existing literature, providing new insights or perspectives.
• Researchability : The problem should be researchable using scientific methods, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
• Ethical Considerations : The research problem should be ethically sound, ensuring no harm to participants or the environment.
• Alignment with Objectives : The problem should align with the research objectives and goals, guiding the direction and purpose of the study.
• Measurability : It should be possible to measure and evaluate the outcomes related to the problem using appropriate metrics and methodologies.
• Contextualization : The problem should be placed within a broader context, considering theoretical frameworks, existing literature, and practical applications.

Types of Research Problems

• Aim: To describe the characteristics of a specific phenomenon or population.
• Example: “What are the key features of successful online education programs?”
• Aim: To compare two or more groups, variables, or phenomena.
• Example: “How does employee satisfaction differ between remote and on-site workers?”
• Aim: To determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
• Example: “What is the impact of leadership style on employee productivity?”
• Aim: To examine the relationship between two or more variables.
• Example: “What is the relationship between social media usage and self-esteem among teenagers?”
• Aim: To explore a new or under-researched area where little information is available.
• Example: “What are the emerging trends in consumer behavior post-pandemic?”
• Aim: To solve a specific, practical problem faced by an organization or society.
• Example: “How can small businesses improve their cybersecurity measures?”
• Aim: To expand existing theories or develop new theoretical frameworks.
• Example: “How can existing theories of motivation be integrated to better understand employee behavior?”
• Aim: To evaluate the effects of policies or suggest improvements.
• Example: “What are the effects of the new minimum wage laws on small businesses?”
• Aim: To investigate ethical issues within a field or practice.
• Example: “What are the ethical implications of AI in decision-making processes?”
• Aim: To address issues that span multiple disciplines or fields of study.
• Example: “How can principles of environmental science and economics be combined to develop sustainable business practices?”

How to Define a Research Problem

Defining a research problem involves several key steps that help in identifying and articulating a specific issue that needs investigation. Here’s a structured approach:

• Choose a general area of interest or field relevant to your expertise or curiosity. This can be broad initially and will be narrowed down through the next steps.
• Review existing research to understand what has already been studied. This helps in identifying gaps, inconsistencies, or areas that need further exploration.
• Based on your literature review, refine your broad topic to a more specific issue or aspect that has not been adequately addressed.
• Ensure the problem is significant and relevant to the field. It should address a real-world issue or theoretical gap that contributes to advancing knowledge or solving practical problems.
• Clearly articulate the problem in a concise and precise manner. This statement should explain what the problem is, why it is important, and how it impacts the field.
• Develop specific research questions that your study will answer. These questions should be directly related to your problem statement and guide the direction of your research.
• Establish clear research objectives that outline what you aim to achieve. Formulate hypotheses if applicable, which are testable predictions related to your research questions.
• Consider the resources, time, and scope of your study. Ensure that the research problem you have defined is feasible to investigate within the constraints you have.
• Discuss your defined research problem with peers, mentors, or experts in the field. Feedback can help refine and improve your problem statement.

Importance of Research Problem

The research problem is crucial as it forms the foundation of any research study, guiding the direction and focus of the investigation. It helps in:

• Defining Objectives : Clarifies the purpose and objectives of the research, ensuring the study remains focused and relevant.
• Guiding Research Design : Determines the methodology and approach, including data collection and analysis techniques.
• Identifying Significance : Highlights the importance and relevance of the study, demonstrating its potential impact on the field.
• Focusing Efforts : Helps researchers concentrate their efforts on addressing specific issues, leading to more precise and meaningful results.
• Resource Allocation : Assists in the efficient allocation of resources, including time, funding, and manpower, by prioritizing critical aspects of the research.

FAQ’s

Why is defining a research problem important.

Defining a research problem is crucial because it guides the research process, helps focus on specific objectives, and determines the direction of the study.

How do you identify a research problem?

Identify a research problem by reviewing existing literature, considering real-world issues, discussing with experts, and reflecting on personal experiences and observations.

What is the difference between a research problem and a research question?

A research problem identifies the issue to be addressed, while a research question is a specific query the research aims to answer.

Can a research problem change during the study?

Yes, a research problem can evolve as new data and insights emerge, requiring refinement or redefinition to better align with findings.

How do you formulate a research problem?

Formulate a research problem by clearly stating the issue, outlining its significance, and specifying the context and scope of the problem.

What is the role of literature review in identifying a research problem?

A literature review helps identify gaps, inconsistencies, and unresolved issues in existing research, which can guide the formulation of a research problem.

How does a research problem impact the research design?

The research problem shapes the research design by determining the methodology, data collection techniques, and analysis strategies needed to address the issue.

What are common sources of research problems?

Common sources include academic literature, practical experiences, societal issues, technological advancements, and gaps identified in previous research.

How specific should a research problem be?

A research problem should be specific enough to guide focused research but broad enough to allow comprehensive investigation and meaningful results.

How do research objectives relate to the research problem?

Research objectives are specific goals derived from the research problem, detailing what the study aims to achieve and how it plans to address the problem.

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How to Write a Research Problem: Types, Importance, and Example

• October 15, 2024

Dr. Marvin L. Smith

A research problem is the foundation of any research project . It identifies the specific issue or question the study aims to address.

Understanding the importance of a well-defined research problem is crucial for guiding the research process.

This article explores its characteristics, types, examples, and how to effectively write one, ensuring your research is focused and valuable.

Table of Contents

What is a research problem?

A research problem is a clear, concise statement that defines the issue or question your research aims to solve.

It helps guide the study by focusing on what needs to be investigated. Whether it’s understanding a phenomenon, exploring a relationship, or finding a cause, the research problem sets the direction of your project.

For example, a research problem might ask, “What are the factors contributing to air pollution in urban areas?”

It’s the essential starting point for any research effort.

Importance of research problem

The research problem is vital because it shapes the entire study. A well-defined problem ensures that your research stays focused, asking the right questions and seeking meaningful answers.

It helps avoid wasting time on irrelevant data and guides the research process toward clear, impactful conclusions.

Moreover, it makes your work valuable, as solving a relevant research problem can contribute to existing knowledge and offer solutions to real-world issues. Without a strong research problem, your project risks losing direction and purpose.

Characteristics of a research problem

A goodresearchproblem has several key characteristics:

• Clear : It is easy to understand, avoiding any vague or complex language.
• Focused : It addresses a specific issue rather than being too broad or general.
• Researchable : There is enough available data or methods to investigate and find answers.
• Relevant : It addresses a problem that matters to the field or community.
• Feasible : It can be realistically studied within time and resource constraints.

Example of a research problem

Here’s an example of a  research problem :

“Increasing levels of student stress are becoming a concern. What are the main factors contributing to high stress levels among high school students, and how do these factors affect academic performance?”

This research problem is clear, focused, and researchable, guiding the study to explore specific causes and impacts of stress in a defined group. It also addresses a relevant issue with potential solutions.

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Types of research problems

Research problems come in different types, each tailored to address specific aspects of a subject.

Understanding the types of research problems can help guide the direction and purpose of a study.

Here’s a detailed look at the most common types:

1. Descriptive Problems

A descriptive problem focuses on providing a detailed account or explanation of a phenomenon or situation.

This type of research problem aims to describe what is happening without seeking to establish a relationship between variables. It answers the “what” and “how” questions about the current state of the subject.

Example : “What are the study habits of college students during finals week?”

This question aims to describe how students prepare for exams, focusing on the characteristics of their study routines without exploring why these habits exist or how they affect performance.

Purpose: Descriptive problems are ideal for studies that aim to document trends, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group or situation. They provide valuable insights into the present conditions, forming the basis for further exploration.

2. Relational Problems

A relational problem investigates the connections between two or more variables.

It goes beyond mere description by exploring how different factors influence or interact with one another. This type of research problem answers the “how” and “why” of a relationship, looking to identify patterns or correlations.

Example: “Is there a relationship between social  media usage and anxiety levels in teenagers?”

This research problem seeks to understand if and how the amount of time teenagers spend on social media impacts their mental health, specifically anxiety levels.

Purpose: Relational problems are commonly used in research that aims to explore interactions or associations between variables. They help researchers understand how different factors influence each other, providing a foundation for studies that could later explore causality.

3. Causal Problems

A causal problem is designed to explore cause-and-effect relationships.

It seeks to identify what factors lead to or result in a specific outcome. 

This type of research problem addresses the “why” and “what causes” questions, looking for the underlying reasons behind a phenomenon.

Example: “What factors cause high school students to drop out before graduation?”

This question aims to discover the specific reasons that lead students to leave school early, such as economic issues, academic performance, or family problems.

Purpose: Causal problems are essential in research that seeks to establish why certain events or behaviors occur. By identifying cause-and-effect relationships, this type of research problem can suggest solutions or interventions to address the issue at hand.

How Each Type Serves a Purpose

Each of these types of research problems serves a different role in the research process:

• Descriptive problems provide a foundation by documenting and explaining the current state of a topic. This is often the starting point for many studies.
• Relational problems build on descriptive research by exploring the links between variables, helping to identify patterns that may inform future research.
• Causal problems aim to go a step further by identifying the root causes of a phenomenon, which is critical for developing interventions or solutions.

By choosing the right type of research problem, researchers can ensure their study is well-focused and designed to answer the questions that matter most. Each type provides a unique perspective on the subject, helping to uncover new knowledge and understanding.

How to write a research problem

Writing a research problem involves a structured approach to defining what your research will address.

Here’s a detailed guide with examples to help you through the process:

1. Identify a Broad Topic

Begin by selecting a general area that interests you. This helps set the foundation for narrowing down your focus.

For example, let’s say you’re interested in  climate change . This topic is vast, so your research problem will need to focus on a specific aspect of it.

Broad Topic: Climate change.

2. Narrow Down the Focus

Once you have your broad topic, narrow it down by focusing on a particular issue within that topic. You can do this by considering a specific group, region, or effect.

For example, instead of just “climate change,” you could narrow it to “how climate change is affecting agriculture in the Midwest.”

Narrowed Focus: Impact of climate change on agriculture in the Midwest.

3. Research Existing Literature

Now that you’ve identified a focused topic, review the existing literature. This helps you understand what has already been studied and identify gaps that your research can fill. Look for unanswered questions, conflicting findings, or areas that need further exploration.

You find that while many studies have explored climate change’s overall effects, few have specifically examined how it impacts  corn production in the Midwest.

4. Define the Problem

With the literature review in mind, define the specific issue your research will address. A well-written research problem should be clear, specific, and researchable.

Your problem statement should focus on one main issue or question.

Problem Statement: “How is climate change affecting corn production in the Midwest, and what are the contributing factors?”

5. Formulate Research Questions

Next, break down the research problem into smaller, specific questions that your research will answer. These questions help guide your study and make your research problem more manageable.

Research Questions:

• “What climate factors (temperature, rainfall, etc.) are most responsible for changes in corn production?”
• “How has the yield of corn in the Midwest changed over the last decade due to climate variability?”

6. Ensure It’s Researchable

Make sure your problem is researchable, meaning it can be investigated through data collection , experiments, or analysis. It’s important that you have access to the resources, tools, and data required to explore your problem.

You may find government agricultural records or climate data on corn yields in the Midwest, which will help you study this problem.

7. State the Significance

Explain why this problem matters. A good research problem is not just interesting but also significant. This step involves articulating how solving this problem will contribute to the field or solve real-world issues.

Significance: “Understanding the impact of climate change on corn production is crucial for food security and for farmers in the Midwest to adapt their farming practices.”

8. Revise and Refine

Lastly, review and refine your research problem to ensure it’s concise, focused, and clear. Avoid jargon and ensure that your problem can be easily understood by others in your field.

Final Research Problem Example:

“How has climate change affected corn production in the Midwest over the past decade, and what specific climate factors are most responsible for these changes?”

Example in Another Field: Education

• Broad Topic : Student performance
• Narrow Focus : Impact of classroom technology on student performance
• Literature Review : Studies show mixed results; some suggest technology improves learning, while others show no impact.
• Problem Statement : “How does the use of digital tools in classrooms affect high school students’ performance in math?”
• “Which digital tools are most effective in enhancing math performance?”
• “How do students with access to technology perform compared to those without it?”
• Ensure Researchable : Access to performance records, surveys, and studies on technology use.
• Significance : “This study will help educators understand the role of technology in improving student outcomes, helping schools invest in the right tools.”
• Revise : The final problem is focused, researchable, and important.

By following these detailed steps, you can develop a research problem that is specific, researchable, and impactful, setting the foundation for a successful research project.

A well-defined research problem is essential for guiding research efforts and ensuring that the study stays focused and relevant. It serves as the foundation for asking the right questions and finding meaningful answers. Understanding its importance, characteristics, and types allows researchers to approach their topics with clarity, setting the stage for a successful and impactful project.

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Research Problem – Explanation & Examples

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A research problem sets the course of investigation in any research process . It can probe practical issues with the aim of suggesting modifications, or scrutinize theoretical quandaries to augment the current understanding in a discipline.

In this article, we delve into the crucial role of a research problem in the research process, as well as offer guidance on how to properly articulate it to steer your research endeavors.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Research Problem – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Research problem
• 3 Why is the research problem important?
• 4 Step 1: Finding a general research problem area
• 5 Step 2: Narrowing down the research problem
• 6 Example of a research problem

Research Problem – In a Nutshell

• A research problem is an issue that raises concern about a particular topic.
• Researchers formulate research problems by examining other literature on the topic and assessing the significance and relevance of the problem.
• Creating a research problem involves an overview of a broad problem area and then narrowing it down to the specifics by creating a framework for the topic.
• General problem areas used in formulating research problems include workplace and theoretical research.

Definition: Research problem

A research problem is a specific challenge or knowledge gap that sets the foundation for research. It is the primary statement about a topic in a field of study, and the findings from a research undertaking provide solutions to the research problem.

The research problem is the defining statement that informs the sources and methodologies to be applied to find and recommend proposals for the area of contention.

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Why is the research problem important?

Research should adopt a precise approach for analysis to be relevant and applicable in a real-world context. Researchers can pick any area of study, and in most cases, the topic in question will have a broad scope; a well-formulated problem forms the basis of a strong research paper which illustrates a clear focus.

Writing a research problem is the first step in planning for a research paper, and a well-structured problem prevents a runaway project that lacks a clear direction.

Step 1: Finding a general research problem area

Your primary goal should be to find gaps and meaningful ways your research project offers a solution to a problem or broadens the knowledge bank in the field.

A good approach is to read and hold discussions about the topic , identify areas with insufficient information, highlight areas of contention and form more in-depth conclusions in under-researched areas.

Workplace research

You can carry out workplace research using a practical approach . This aims to identify a problem by analyzing reports, engaging with people in the organization or field of interest, and examining previous research. Some pointers include:

• Efficiency and performance-related issues within an organization.
• Areas or processes that can be improved in the organization.
• Matters of concern among professionals in the field of study.
• Challenges faced by identifiable groups in society.
• Crime in a particular region has been decreasing compared to the rest of the country.
• Stores in one location of a chain have been reporting lower sales in contrast with others in other parts of the country.
• One subsidiary of a company is experiencing high staff turnover, affecting the group’s bottom line.

In theoretical research , researchers aim to offer new insights which contribute to the larger knowledge body in the field rather than proposing change. You can formulate a problem by studying recent studies, debates, and theories to identify gaps. Identifying a research problem in theoretical research may examine the following:

• A context or phenomenon that has not been extensively studied.
• A contrast between two or more thought patterns.
• A position that is not clearly understood.
• A bothersome scenario or question that remains unsolved.

Theoretical problems don’t focus on solving a practical problem but have practical implications in their field. Many theoretical frameworks offer a guide to other practical and applied research scenarios.

• The relationship between genetics and mental issues in adulthood is not clearly understood.
• The effects of racial differences in long-term relationships are yet to be investigated in the modern dating scene.
• Social scientists disagree on the impact of neocolonialism on the socio-economic conditions of black people.

Step 2: Narrowing down the research problem

After identifying a general problem area, you need to zero in on the specific aspect you want to analyze further in the context of your research.

The problem can be narrowed down using the following criteria to create a relevant problem whose solutions adequately answer the research questions . Some questions you can ask to understand the contextual framework of the research problem include:

Significance

Evaluating the significance of a research problem is a necessary step for identifying issues that contribute to the solution of an issue. There are several ways of determining the significance of a research problem. The following questions can help you to evaluate the significance and relevance of a proposed research problem:

• Which area, group or time do you plan to situate your study?
• What attributes will you examine?
• What is the repercussion of not solving the problem?
• Who stands to benefit if the problem is resolved?

Example of a research problem

A fashion retail chain is attempting to increase the number of visitors to its stores, but the management is unaware of the measures to achieve this.

To improve its sales and compete with other chains, the chain requires research into ways of increasing traffic in its stores.

By narrowing down the research problem, you can create the problem statement , hypothesis , and relevant research questions .

What is an example of a research problem?

There has been an upward trend in the immigration of professionals from other countries to the UK. Research is needed to determine the likely causes and effects.

How do you formulate a research problem?

Begin by examining available sources and previous research on your topic of interest. You can narrow down the scope from the literature or observable phenomenon and focus on under-researched areas.

How can you determine the significance of a research problem?

Investigate the specific aspects you would like to investigate. Furthermore, you can determine the consequences of the problem remaining unresolved and the biggest beneficiaries if a solution is found.

What is the context in a research problem?

Context refers to the nature of the problem. It entails studying existing work on the issue, who is affected by it, and the proposed solutions.

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The Research Problem & Statement

I f you’re new to academic research, you’re bound to encounter the concept of a “ research problem ” or “ problem statement ” fairly early in your learning journey. Having a good research problem is essential, as it provides a foundation for developing high-quality research, from relatively small research papers to a full-length PhD dissertations and theses.

In this post, we’ll unpack what a research problem is and how it’s related to a problem statement . We’ll also share some examples and provide a step-by-step process you can follow to identify and evaluate study-worthy research problems for your own project.

Overview: Research Problem 101

What is a research problem.

• What is a problem statement?

Where do research problems come from?

• How to find a suitable research problem
• Key takeaways

A research problem is, at the simplest level, the core issue that a study will try to solve or (at least) examine. In other words, it’s an explicit declaration about the problem that your dissertation, thesis or research paper will address. More technically, it identifies the research gap that the study will attempt to fill (more on that later).

Let’s look at an example to make the research problem a little more tangible.

To justify a hypothetical study, you might argue that there’s currently a lack of research regarding the challenges experienced by first-generation college students when writing their dissertations [ PROBLEM ] . As a result, these students struggle to successfully complete their dissertations, leading to higher-than-average dropout rates [ CONSEQUENCE ]. Therefore, your study will aim to address this lack of research – i.e., this research problem [ SOLUTION ].

A research problem can be theoretical in nature, focusing on an area of academic research that is lacking in some way. Alternatively, a research problem can be more applied in nature, focused on finding a practical solution to an established problem within an industry or an organisation. In other words, theoretical research problems are motivated by the desire to grow the overall body of knowledge , while applied research problems are motivated by the need to find practical solutions to current real-world problems (such as the one in the example above).

As you can probably see, the research problem acts as the driving force behind any study , as it directly shapes the research aims, objectives and research questions , as well as the research approach. Therefore, it’s really important to develop a very clearly articulated research problem before you even start your research proposal . A vague research problem will lead to unfocused, potentially conflicting research aims, objectives and research questions .

What is a research problem statement?

As the name suggests, a problem statement (within a research context, at least) is an explicit statement that clearly and concisely articulates the specific research problem your study will address. While your research problem can span over multiple paragraphs, your problem statement should be brief , ideally no longer than one paragraph . Importantly, it must clearly state what the problem is (whether theoretical or practical in nature) and how the study will address it.

Here’s an example of a statement of the problem in a research context:

Rural communities across Ghana lack access to clean water, leading to high rates of waterborne illnesses and infant mortality. Despite this, there is little research investigating the effectiveness of community-led water supply projects within the Ghanaian context. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of such projects in improving access to clean water and reducing rates of waterborne illnesses in these communities.

As you can see, this problem statement clearly and concisely identifies the issue that needs to be addressed (i.e., a lack of research regarding the effectiveness of community-led water supply projects) and the research question that the study aims to answer (i.e., are community-led water supply projects effective in reducing waterborne illnesses?), all within one short paragraph.

Need a helping hand?

Wherever there is a lack of well-established and agreed-upon academic literature , there is an opportunity for research problems to arise, since there is a paucity of (credible) knowledge. In other words, research problems are derived from research gaps . These gaps can arise from various sources, including the emergence of new frontiers or new contexts, as well as disagreements within the existing research.

Let’s look at each of these scenarios:

New frontiers – new technologies, discoveries or breakthroughs can open up entirely new frontiers where there is very little existing research, thereby creating fresh research gaps. For example, as generative AI technology became accessible to the general public in 2023, the full implications and knock-on effects of this were (or perhaps, still are) largely unknown and therefore present multiple avenues for researchers to explore.

New contexts – very often, existing research tends to be concentrated on specific contexts and geographies. Therefore, even within well-studied fields, there is often a lack of research within niche contexts. For example, just because a study finds certain results within a western context doesn’t mean that it would necessarily find the same within an eastern context. If there’s reason to believe that results may vary across these geographies, a potential research gap emerges.

Disagreements – within many areas of existing research, there are (quite naturally) conflicting views between researchers, where each side presents strong points that pull in opposing directions. In such cases, it’s still somewhat uncertain as to which viewpoint (if any) is more accurate. As a result, there is room for further research in an attempt to “settle” the debate.

Of course, many other potential scenarios can give rise to research gaps, and consequently, research problems, but these common ones are a useful starting point. If you’re interested in research gaps, you can learn more here .

How to find a research problem

Given that research problems flow from research gaps , finding a strong research problem for your research project means that you’ll need to first identify a clear research gap. Below, we’ll present a four-step process to help you find and evaluate potential research problems.

If you’ve read our other articles about finding a research topic , you’ll find the process below very familiar as the research problem is the foundation of any study . In other words, finding a research problem is much the same as finding a research topic.

Step 1 – Identify your area of interest

Naturally, the starting point is to first identify a general area of interest . Chances are you already have something in mind, but if not, have a look at past dissertations and theses within your institution to get some inspiration. These present a goldmine of information as they’ll not only give you ideas for your own research, but they’ll also help you see exactly what the norms and expectations are for these types of projects.

At this stage, you don’t need to get super specific. The objective is simply to identify a couple of potential research areas that interest you. For example, if you’re undertaking research as part of a business degree, you may be interested in social media marketing strategies for small businesses, leadership strategies for multinational companies, etc.

Depending on the type of project you’re undertaking, there may also be restrictions or requirements regarding what topic areas you’re allowed to investigate, what type of methodology you can utilise, etc. So, be sure to first familiarise yourself with your institution’s specific requirements and keep these front of mind as you explore potential research ideas.

Step 2 – Review the literature and develop a shortlist

Once you’ve decided on an area that interests you, it’s time to sink your teeth into the literature . In other words, you’ll need to familiarise yourself with the existing research regarding your interest area. Google Scholar is a good starting point for this, as you can simply enter a few keywords and quickly get a feel for what’s out there. Keep an eye out for recent literature reviews and systematic review-type journal articles, as these will provide a good overview of the current state of research.

At this stage, you don’t need to read every journal article from start to finish . A good strategy is to pay attention to the abstract, intro and conclusion , as together these provide a snapshot of the key takeaways. As you work your way through the literature, keep an eye out for what’s missing – in other words, what questions does the current research not answer adequately (or at all)? Importantly, pay attention to the section titled “ further research is needed ”, typically found towards the very end of each journal article. This section will specifically outline potential research gaps that you can explore, based on the current state of knowledge (provided the article you’re looking at is recent).

Take the time to engage with the literature and develop a big-picture understanding of the current state of knowledge. Reviewing the literature takes time and is an iterative process , but it’s an essential part of the research process, so don’t cut corners at this stage.

As you work through the review process, take note of any potential research gaps that are of interest to you. From there, develop a shortlist of potential research gaps (and resultant research problems) – ideally 3 – 5 options that interest you.

Step 3 – Evaluate your potential options

Once you’ve developed your shortlist, you’ll need to evaluate your options to identify a winner. There are many potential evaluation criteria that you can use, but we’ll outline three common ones here: value, practicality and personal appeal.

Value – a good research problem needs to create value when successfully addressed. Ask yourself:

• Who will this study benefit (e.g., practitioners, researchers, academia)?
• How will it benefit them specifically?
• How much will it benefit them?

Practicality – a good research problem needs to be manageable in light of your resources. Ask yourself:

• What data will I need access to?
• What knowledge and skills will I need to undertake the analysis?
• What equipment or software will I need to process and/or analyse the data?
• How much time will I need?
• What costs might I incur?

Personal appeal – a research project is a commitment, so the research problem that you choose needs to be genuinely attractive and interesting to you. Ask yourself:

• How appealing is the prospect of solving this research problem (on a scale of 1 – 10)?
• Why, specifically, is it attractive (or unattractive) to me?
• Does the research align with my longer-term goals (e.g., career goals, educational path, etc)?

Depending on how many potential options you have, you may want to consider creating a spreadsheet where you numerically rate each of the options in terms of these criteria. Remember to also include any criteria specified by your institution . From there, tally up the numbers and pick a winner.

Step 4 – Craft your problem statement

Once you’ve selected your research problem, the final step is to craft a problem statement. Remember, your problem statement needs to be a concise outline of what the core issue is and how your study will address it. Aim to fit this within one paragraph – don’t waffle on. Have a look at the problem statement example we mentioned earlier if you need some inspiration.

Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground. Let’s do a quick recap of the key takeaways:

• A research problem is an explanation of the issue that your study will try to solve. This explanation needs to highlight the problem , the consequence and the solution or response.
• A problem statement is a clear and concise summary of the research problem , typically contained within one paragraph.
• Research problems emerge from research gaps , which themselves can emerge from multiple potential sources, including new frontiers, new contexts or disagreements within the existing literature.
• To find a research problem, you need to first identify your area of interest , then review the literature and develop a shortlist, after which you’ll evaluate your options, select a winner and craft a problem statement .

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